Journal of Drug Discovery and Therapeutics

Microwave-Assisted Reactions: A Sustainable Tool for Modern Synthetic Chemistry

Ankit Choudhary — 2025-10-31

Microwave-assisted reactions have emerged as a transformative methodology in synthetic chemistry, offering rapid, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable alternatives to traditional heating techniques. By utilizing electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region, this technique provides instantaneous and uniform heating, leading to enhanced reaction rates, higher yields, and improved selectivity. This review presents an overview of the fundamental principles of microwave heating, types of reactors, mechanistic aspects, and recent advancements in organic, inorganic, and materials chemistry. Special focus is given to the role of microwave irradiation in promoting green chemistry practices and industrial-scale applications.

Keywords: Microwave synthesis, Green chemistry, Reaction kinetics, Energy efficiency, Sustainable synthesis

Microwave-Assisted Reactions: A Green and Efficient Approach in Modern Chemistry

Lucky Singh — 2025-10-31

Microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has revolutionized modern chemical research by providing a rapid, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional heating methods. The technique utilizes microwave irradiation to accelerate chemical reactions through selective and volumetric heating, resulting in shorter reaction times, higher yields, and cleaner product profiles. This review highlights the principles of microwave heating, reactor design, reaction mechanisms, and broad applications across organic, inorganic, and pharmaceutical synthesis. Emphasis is given to its role in green chemistry and industrial-scale processes, along with the challenges and future prospects of this technology.

Keywords: Microwave-assisted synthesis, Green chemistry, Reaction kinetics, Organic synthesis, Energy efficiency

Intelligent Contact Lenses for Dynamic Ocular Drug Release

Niharika Saini — 2025-10-31

Intelligent contact lenses represent a revolutionary advancement in ocular drug delivery, offering a precise, controlled, and patient-friendly alternative to conventional eye drops. These smart lenses integrate microelectronic sensors, stimuli-responsive polymers, and drug-loaded reservoirs to enable dynamic, on-demand drug release in response to physiological or external triggers such as pH, temperature, tear composition, or intraocular pressure. By maintaining sustained and localized drug concentration at the corneal surface, intelligent contact lenses enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects and dosing frequency. Recent developments in nanotechnology, biosensing, and wireless communication have further enabled real-time monitoring of ocular health parameters and personalized drug administration. Despite promising outcomes in preclinical studies, challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term stability, and large scale manufacturing remain. Future research aims to integrate these lenses into next-generation precision eye care systems that combine vision correction, disease monitoring, and adaptive drug delivery for conditions like glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, and diabetic retinopathy.

Keywords: Intelligent contact lenses, dynamic drug release, ocular drug delivery, stimuli-responsive polymers, Biosensors, personalized ophthalmic therapy.

Hybrid-Responsive Contact Lenses for Precision Eye Care

Amit Choudhary — 2025-10-31

Hybrid responsive contact lenses represent an emerging innovation in ocular drug delivery and diagnostic technology. By combining stimuli-responsive polymers, nanocarriers, and biosensing systems, these lenses offer targeted and controlled therapeutic release in response to physiological changes such as pH, temperature, or tear composition. This intelligent responsiveness ensures precise drug dosing, enhanced bioavailability, and reduced systemic side effects compared to conventional eye drops or inserts. Furthermore, integration of micro-sensors enables real-time monitoring of ocular parameters like intraocular pressure and tear biomarkers, facilitating early detection and personalized treatment of eye disorders such as glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, and diabetic retinopathy. Although challenges remain regarding biocompatibility, long-term stability, and large-scale production, hybrid responsive contact lenses hold immense potential to revolutionize precision eye care and advance the future of ophthalmic therapy.

Keywords: Hybrid contact lenses, Stimuli-responsive polymers, Smart contact lenses, Controlled drug delivery, Ocular therapeutics, Precision eye care, Biosensing technology, Nanocarriers,Tear fluid biomarkers, Glaucoma management

Artificial Intelligence in Cancer: Transforming Diagnosis, Treatment and Care

Anjali Jha — 2025-10-30

AI has become a vital part of today’s medical technology, offering innovative ways to identify, manage, and monitor cancer by using data-driven computational models the expanding role of AI in oncology, covering diagnostic imaging, personalized therapy, drug discovery, patient monitoring, and ethical considerations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing cancer care by enhancing diagnosis, treatment, and patient management. AI-powered tools analyze complex medical data from imaging, genomics, and pathology to detect cancers earlier and with greater accuracy. In treatment, machine learning models support personalized therapy planning, predict treatment responses, and accelerate drug discovery. AI also improves patient care through continuous health monitoring, virtual assistance, and predictive analytics that enable timely interventions. Despite challenges such as data privacy, bias, and regulatory concerns, AI continues to advance toward more precise, efficient, and patient-centered oncology. By integrating AI across all stages of cancer management, healthcare is moving closer to an era of truly personalized and data-driven cancer care.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Oncology, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Cancer Diagnosis, Precision Medicine, Healthcare Technology.

The Evolution of Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation Innovations and Future Perspectives

Rajeev Mahala — 2025-10-30

Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) have emerged as a patient-centric oral drug delivery system, revolutionizing therapy for populations with swallowing difficulties. Over the past decade, ODT technology has advanced through adoption of continuous manufacturing, novel taste-masking techniques, next-generation co-processed excipients, and personalized 3D printing. This review evaluates current trends in ODT formulation, highlights major regulatory advances, and synthesizes global market and clinical outcomes. Emphasis is placed on technological innovations, patient outcomes, and the evolving regulatory environment to provide a roadmap for future research and industry application.

Keywords: Orodispersible tablets, ODT, co-processed excipients, taste masking, 3D printing, direct compression, continuous manufacturing, and personalized medicine.

A Critical Review of Orodispersible Tablet Technologies: From Taste-Masking to Personalized 3d-Printed Drug Delivery Systems

Neelam Jangid — 2025-10-30

Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) represent a paradigm shift in oral drug delivery, enabling rapid disintegration and administration without water. The field has experienced rapid transformation in 2025 through continuous manufacturing, advanced taste-masking strategies, next-generation co-processed excipients, and the emergence of personalized 3D printing. ODTs have evolved beyond simple patient compliance tools toward sophisticated, patient-centric, and precision-engineered delivery systems. This review critically examines the latest technological and clinical advances in ODTs, including AI-driven design, nanotechnology integration, regulatory evolution, clinical applications, market trends, and future perspectives. The review synthesizes recent data, case studies, and regulatory updates, providing valuable insights for scientists, formulators, clinicians, and pharmaceutical stakeholders committed to advancing oral drug delivery technologies.

Keywords: Orodispersible tablets, ODT, taste-masking, co-processed excipients, personalized medicine, 3D printing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and patient-centric design.

Formulation and Evaluation of an Oil‑in‑Water Herbal Cream Containing Aloe Vera, Neem and Turmeric Extracts

Pushpendra Kumar Saini — 2025-10-30

The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of an oil-in-water (O/W) herbal cream incorporating Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica (Neem), and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) extracts, aimed at providing multipurpose therapeutic and cosmetic benefits. The selected herbal ingredients are well known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and skin-soothing properties. The cream was prepared using the O/W emulsion base method with suitable excipients to achieve stability, spreadability, and acceptable sensory attributes. The formulations were subjected to evaluation parameters including pH, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, stability studies, and microbial load determination. The results indicated that the optimized formulation exhibited a stable emulsion with desirable consistency, uniform appearance, and skin-compatible pH. The herbal actives contributed to enhanced antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential, suggesting their synergistic effect in skin protection and healing. Thus, the developed O/W herbal cream demonstrates promising potential as a safe, effective, and natural alternative for skincare applications.

Keyword: Herbal Cream, O/W emulsion, Neem, Turmeric

Comparative Neuroprotective Study on Scopolamine-Induced Alzheimer’s-Like Cognitive Deficits in Rats

Anil Sharma — 2025-11-28

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress, cholinergic deficit, and neuronal degeneration. This review focuses on the comparative neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) and Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola) in experimental models of scopolamine-induced Alzheimer’s-like cognitive impairment in rats. Both herbs are traditionally used to enhance memory and intellect, and possess rich phytochemical profiles, including bacosides in Bacopa monnieri and asiaticoside/asiatic acid in Centella asiatica. Experimental findings indicate that both extracts significantly improve learning and memory in behavioral paradigms such as the Morris Water Maze, Y-Maze, and Novel Object Recognition tests. Mechanistically, they attenuate scopolamine-induced oxidative stress by elevating endogenous antioxidant markers (SOD, CAT, GSH) and reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA). Moreover, both extracts exhibit cholinesterase inhibitory activity, thereby restoring acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus. Histopathological studies demonstrate reduced neuronal damage and improved hippocampal integrity following treatment. Comparative studies suggest that while Bacopa monnieri shows stronger cholinesterase inhibition due to its bacoside content, Centella asiatica provides higher antioxidant and neuro-regenerative benefits through asiaticosides. Collectively, the findings support the potent neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing properties of these medicinal plants, highlighting their potential as complementary therapies for Alzheimer’s disease prevention and management.

Keywords: Bacopa monnieri; Centella asiatica; Alzheimer’s disease; Scopolamine; Cognitive impairment; Neuroprotection.

Review of Pharmacological Evaluation of Neuroprotective Potential of Nelumbo nucifera (Red Flower) Extract in Experimental Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats

Alphesh Jagetiya — 2025-11-25

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction. In recent years, natural products and phytochemicals have gained increasing attention for their neuroprotective potential against AD pathology. This review highlights the pharmacological evaluation of the neuroprotective activity of Nelumbo nucifera (red flower) extract in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as the sacred lotus, possesses a rich phytochemical profile including flavonoids, alkaloids (nuciferine), phenolic compounds, and antioxidants that contribute to its neuroprotective effects. Experimental studies have demonstrated that treatment with N. nucifera extract attenuates oxidative stress, inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity, enhances antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, CAT, GSH), and reduces lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the brain. Behavioral studies using the Morris Water Maze and Y-Maze tests indicate significant improvement in spatial learning and memory retention. Histopathological findings support its ability to prevent neuronal degeneration and amyloid beta deposition. The neuroprotective mechanism is attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholinesterase-inhibiting properties. Therefore, Nelumbo nucifera (red flower) extract represents a promising natural therapeutic candidate for the management and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, warranting further investigation at molecular and clinical levels.

Keywords: Nelumbo nucifera; Neuroprotection; Alzheimer’s disease; Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

A Review on Controlled Release Microsphere

Tanishka Rathore — 2025-12-02

The development of controlled release drug delivery systems has emerged as a promising strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy, minimize dosing frequency, and enhance patient compliance, particularly in chronic conditions such as hyperlipidemia. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of controlled release microspheres encapsulating Rosuvastatin and Fenofibrate—two potent lipid-lowering agents with complementary mechanisms of action. Microspheres, as multiparticulate systems, offer several advantages including uniform drug distribution, predictable pharmacokinetics, and reduced side effects. The review discusses various formulation approaches such as solvent evaporation, ionic gelation, and spray drying techniques, emphasizing the role of polymers like ethyl cellulose, Eudragit, and sodium alginate in modulating drug release kinetics. Critical formulation parameters—particle size, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, in vitro release profile, and stability—are systematically analyzed to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the synergistic potential of Rosuvastatin and Fenofibrate in combination therapy is highlighted, offering a dual mechanism for effective management of mixed dyslipidemia. The review concludes that controlled release microsphere formulations of these drugs can significantly improve bioavailability and maintain sustained plasma concentrations, thereby enhancing lipid control and reducing cardiovascular risk.

Keywords: Controlled release microspheres; Rosuvastatin; Fenofibrate; Hyperlipidemia; Lipid-lowering agents; Combination therapy; Drug release kinetics; Ethyl cellulose.

A Review on Fast Dissolving Tablets

Chaman Kumar Gupta — 2025-12-01

Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) have gained significant attention in recent years as an innovative drug delivery system designed to improve patient compliance, particularly among pediatric and geriatric populations who experience difficulty swallowing conventional tablets. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets containing Ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used for the management of pain and inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other musculoskeletal disorders. The development of FDTs aims to achieve rapid disintegration and dissolution in the oral cavity without the need for water, leading to quicker onset of action and enhanced bioavailability. Various formulation approaches such as direct compression, sublimation, freeze-drying, and superdisintegrant addition are discussed in relation to their influence on tablet properties. The review also examines critical formulation parameters including disintegration time, wetting time, hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution profile. The role of excipients like superdisintegrants (croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate) and taste-masking agents is emphasized to achieve optimal performance and patient acceptability. Overall, fast dissolving tablets of Ketoprofen represent a promising alternative to conventional dosage forms, offering rapid pain relief, improved therapeutic efficacy, and better patient adherence.

Keywords: Fast dissolving tablets; Ketoprofen; NSAIDs; Oral drug delivery; Superdisintegrants; Direct compression; Rapid disintegration; Taste masking; Patient compliance; Bioavailability enhancement; Sublimation method; Immediate release formulation

A Review on Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS)

Dinesh Kumar — 2025-12-01

The formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of SNEDDS containing Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride, two antidiabetic agents that act synergistically to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. While Metformin exhibits low permeability and Sitagliptin has limited solubility, their combined delivery through SNEDDS offers an innovative platform for improved therapeutic performance. The review discusses the principles of nanoemulsion formation, selection of suitable oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants based on solubility and emulsification efficiency, and optimization using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Key formulation and evaluation parameters—such as globule size, zeta potential, and emulsification time, drug loading capacity, thermodynamic stability, and in vitro drug release—are critically analyzed. The potential of SNEDDS to overcome the pharmacokinetic limitations of conventional dosage forms, reduce dose frequency, and improve patient compliance is emphasized. Overall, the combination SNEDDS of Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride represents a novel strategy to achieve enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, and effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: SNEDDS, Sitagliptin; Metformin Hydrochloride; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Self-nanoemulsifying system.

A Review on Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS)

Sankalp Gupta — 2025-12-01

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have gained considerable importance as an alternative route for systemic drug administration, offering advantages such as sustained release, improved bioavailability, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches containing Repaglinide and Metformin—two antidiabetic agents with complementary mechanisms of action for the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Repaglinide, a short-acting insulin secretagogue, and Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, together provide synergistic glycemic control when delivered through the transdermal route. Various formulation techniques such as solvent evaporation, film casting, and matrix dispersion methods are discussed, emphasizing the selection of suitable polymers (e.g., HPMC, PVP, Eudragit, and ethyl cellulose), plasticizers, and permeation enhancers (such as oleic acid, propylene glycol, or DMSO) to optimize drug release and skin permeation. Evaluation parameters including thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, drug content uniformity, moisture uptake, tensile strength, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo permeation studies are reviewed comprehensively. The transdermal patch formulation of Repaglinide and Metformin offers a promising approach for achieving controlled and sustained plasma drug levels, improving therapeutic efficacy, reducing dosing frequency, and enhancing patient compliance in long-term diabetic therapy.

Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS); Repaglinide; Metformin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Controlled release.

A Review on Transdermal Patches

Kushal Pratap Singh — 2025-12-01

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer a promising approach for the controlled and sustained release of drugs through the skin, providing several advantages such as improved bioavailability, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and enhanced patient compliance. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of transdermal patches containing Nateglinide, a short-acting insulin secretagogue used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nateglinide exhibits low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, necessitating frequent dosing; thus, transdermal administration can help overcome these limitations. Various formulation methods—including solvent casting, film deposition, and matrix dispersion techniques—are discussed, with emphasis on the selection of suitable polymers (such as HPMC, Eudragit RL/RS, PVP, and ethyl cellulose) and plasticizers (like dibutyl phthalate and PEG 400) to achieve optimal patch flexibility and controlled drug release. Permeation enhancers such as oleic acid, propylene glycol, and DMSO play a vital role in enhancing drug flux through the stratum corneum. Evaluation parameters—thickness, tensile strength, folding endurance, moisture content, drug content uniformity, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo skin permeation studies—are critically reviewed. The transdermal delivery of Nateglinide offers a novel strategy for sustained glycemic control, reduced dosing frequency, and improved therapeutic efficacy in diabetes management.

Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS); Nateglinide; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Controlled release; Solvent casting method; Polymer matrix.

Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS): A Review

Annu Rajput — 2025-12-01

Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) have emerged as an effective approach to improve the gastric residence time and bioavailability of drugs that are absorbed primarily in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of floating tablets containing Acyclovir, an antiviral agent with limited oral bioavailability due to poor solubility and short biological half-life. The development of a gastroretentive floating tablet aims to achieve sustained drug release and prolonged gastric retention, ensuring improved absorption and therapeutic efficacy. Various polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Carbopol, Ethyl Cellulose, and Sodium Alginate have been employed to modulate the swelling behavior, floating capacity, and release kinetics of the dosage form. The review emphasizes different formulation techniques like direct compression and wet granulation and discusses the influence of polymer type and concentration on tablet buoyancy and drug release profile. Evaluation parameters—including hardness, friability, floating lag time, total floating duration, swelling index, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution studies—are critically analyzed. The optimized floating formulation of Acyclovir demonstrates enhanced gastric retention, controlled drug release, and improved bioavailability, making it a promising alternative to conventional oral dosage forms for effective antiviral therapy.

Keywords: Acyclovir; Floating tablet; Gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS); Sustained release; HPMC.

Oral Thin Film: A New Approach for Drug Delivery

Sakshi Kaur — 2025-12-01

Hyperlipidemia remains a major global health concern and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Conventional oral dosage forms of lipid-lowering agents like Simvastatin and Fenofibrate often face limitations such as poor aqueous solubility, extensive first-pass metabolism, variable bioavailability, and poor patient adherence. Oral thin film (OTF)technology has emerged as a promising fast-dissolving drug delivery system designed to overcome these limitations, offering improved drug dissolution, enhanced bioavailability, and ease of administration without the need for water. The present review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of oral thin films incorporating Simvastatin and Fenofibrate for synergistic management of hyperlipidemia. It highlights the pharmacological rationale for combining these agents, discusses formulation strategies including polymer selection, plasticizers, solubilization techniques, and manufacturing methods, and summarizes evaluation parameters such as mechanical properties, disintegration time, drug content, in-vitro dissolution, and stability studies. The review emphasizes the potential of oral thin films as a novel patient-friendly dosage form capable of improving therapeutic outcomes, bioavailability, and patient compliance in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Further research and clinical studies are recommended to optimize formulation variables and validate clinical efficacy.

Keywords: Simvastatin; Fenofibrate; Oral thin films; Hyperlipidemia; Bioavailability enhancement; Fast-dissolving dosage forms; Patient compliance; Drug delivery system; Synergistic therapy; Cardiovascular disease.

Oral Thin Film: Innovations in drug Delivery systems

Aman Kumar Gupta — 2025-11-30

Oral thin films (OTFs) have emerged as an advanced and patient-friendly drug delivery system designed to provide rapid onset of action, improved bioavailability, and enhanced compliance, especially among pediatric and geriatric populations. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of oral thin films containing Famotidine and Domperidone—two drugs commonly used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and associated nausea or vomiting. Famotidine, a histamine H₂-receptor antagonist, and Domperidone, a peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist with prokinetic activity, when co-formulated in an oral thin film, offer a synergistic therapeutic effect for gastric acid suppression and motility regulation. The review highlights various formulation strategies including solvent casting, hot-melt extrusion, and electrospinning methods, with emphasis on polymer selection (HPMC, PVA, Pullulan) and the role of plasticizers, saliva-stimulating agents, and flavoring agents in achieving desirable film characteristics. Evaluation parameters such as film thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, disintegration time, drug content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution are discussed in detail. The combination OTF of Famotidine and Domperidone provides a rapid-dissolving dosage form that bypasses first-pass metabolism, ensures quick therapeutic onset, and enhances patient adherence compared to conventional oral formulations.

Keywords: Oral thin film (OTF); Famotidine; Domperidone; Fast dissolving films; Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS): An innovative Approach

Sadiya Khan — 2025-12-01

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) represent an innovative and efficient approach to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. This review focuses on the formulation and evaluation of SNEDDS containing Satranidazole and Ofloxacin—two potent antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of mixed bacterial and protozoal infections, particularly in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Both drugs exhibit solubility and permeability limitations that restrict their oral bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The SNEDDS approach utilizes an isotropic mixture of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants that spontaneously form fine oil-in-water nanoemulsions upon mild agitation in gastrointestinal fluids, facilitating enhanced absorption. The review highlights key formulation aspects including selection of oil phase, surfactant, and co-surfactant based on solubility studies, emulsification efficiency, and construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Evaluation parameters such as globule size, zeta potential, emulsification time, thermodynamic stability, drug loading efficiency, and in vitro drug release are critically discussed. The SNEDDS formulation of Satranidazole and Ofloxacin offers a promising strategy for improving oral bioavailability, providing rapid onset of action, and achieving synergistic antimicrobial activity with reduced dosing frequency and gastrointestinal side effects.

Keywords: SNEDDS; Satranidazole; Ofloxacin; Nanoemulsion; Bioavailability enhancement; Solubility improvement; Antimicrobial therapy.

Oral Thin Film: A New Approach for Drug Delivery

Vikash Sharma — 2025-12-05

Oral thin films (OTFs) are gaining popularity in the pharmaceutical industry for their advantages over traditional oral dosage forms, especially for patients with swallowing difficulties, such as children and the elderly. OTFs provide a discreet, convenient, and fast-acting method of drug administration. They dissolve quickly in saliva, enabling rapid absorption through the oral mucosa, bypassing first-pass metabolism and enhancing bioavailability, which can reduce required doses and side effects. OTFs are particularly useful for poorly soluble drugs and allow for precise dosing, making them ideal for pediatric patients. They can also mask unpleasant tastes, improving patient acceptance. Research on OTFs is expanding, with innovations like pH-sensitive films, micro-pellet-loaded films, and the potential for delivering vaccines and probiotics. The OTF market is projected to reach $7.65 billion by 2028, growing at a 13.6% CAGR. Future developments focus on personalized OTFs, made possible by printing technologies like inkjet and 3D printing, offering tailored dosing and drug combinations. OTFs hold great promise to revolutionize drug delivery, benefiting both patients and healthcare providers.

Keywords: Oral thin film, Pediatric and geriatric drug dosing, market growth of OTF, Technologies of preparation of film.

A Review on Extended Release Pellets

Shiv Shankar Kumar — 2025-12-05

Recently, extended release pharmaceutical products become a very useful tool in medical practice, offering a wide range of actual and perceived advantages to the patients. Oral drug delivery is the most preferred route for the various drug molecules among all other routes of drug delivery, because easy of administration which lead to better patient compliance. So, oral extended release drug delivery system becomes a very promising approach for those drugs that are given orally but having the shorter half-life and high dosing frequency.

Keywords: Extended Release, Oral route, Therapeutic concentration, Pellet, Dosage form

A Review on Microsponge Gel as Topical Drug Delivery System

Prashant Kumar Pandey — 2025-12-05

Microsponge is a novel drug delivery system that enables controlled release and targeted drug delivery. With ongoing developments in drug delivery, microsponge technology provides a cost-effective and efficient approach to therapy. The microsponge drug delivery technology reduces transdermal penetration of the active component into the skin while boosting drug retention on the skin's surface or within the epidermis. This review article describes microsponge technology, method of preparation, releasing mechanisms and application of microsponge.

Keywords: Skin, Microsponges, Controlled Release, Quasi-Emulsion Diffusion Solvent Method, Suspension Polymerization, Application.

A Comprehensive Review: New Approaches in Sustained Release Pellets

Jatin Dubey — 2025-12-05

Sustained release drug delivery systems are gaining momentum due to their potential to maintain constant plasma drug concentrations, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient compliance. Among these systems, pellet-based formulations produced by extrusion-spheronization have demonstrated significant advantages including uniform size distribution, high sphericity, and smooth surface characteristics. This review highlights the principles of extrusion-spheronization, critical formulation parameters, suitable excipients, evaluation methods, and examples of marketed and experimental sustained release pellets. The technique’s ability to process both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs makes it highly versatile. The paper further discusses the limitations, regulatory perspectives, and future potential of extrusion-spheronization in advanced drug delivery systems.

Keywords: Sustained release drug delivery systems, Spheronization, Drying, Coating.

Review of Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Combined Extract of Gurmar Leaves and Lemon Peel in Streptozocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Sweety Biswas — 2025-12-05

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and impaired insulin secretion or action. Medicinal plants with antidiabetic and antioxidant properties have gained considerable attention as complementary therapeutic agents. The present review evaluates the antidiabetic potential of a combined extract of Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar) leaves and Citrus limon (lemon) peel in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models. Gymnema sylvestre is well known for its insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects due to the presence of gymnemic acids, while lemon peel is rich in flavonoids, phenolics, and vitamin C, contributing to its antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity. Administration of the combined extract significantly reduces fasting blood glucose levels and improves body weight compared to diabetic control animals. Biochemical assessments reveal normalization of serum lipid profile, reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and improvement in insulin levels. The combined extract also enhances endogenous antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, GSH) while decreasing lipid peroxidation (MDA), indicating protection against oxidative stress. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue demonstrates regeneration and preservation of β-cell architecture. The findings suggest that the synergistic action of Gymnema sylvestre leaves and Citrus limon peel exerts significant antidiabetic and antioxidative effects, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic approach for the management of diabetes mellitus.

Keywords: Gymnema sylvestre; Citrus limon; Gurmar; Lemon peel; Antidiabetic activity; Streptozotocin; Oxidative stress; Insulin secretion.

Review of Comparative Renoprotective Study of Allium cepa (Bulb) and Clerodendrum serratum (Root) Extracts in Experimental Animal Model

Mahtab Alam — 2025-12-05

Renal disorders associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and nephrotoxicity remain a major clinical challenge, necessitating the search for effective and safer nephroprotective agents from natural sources. This review focuses on the comparative renoprotective effects of Allium cepa (onion bulb) and Clerodendrum serratum (root) extracts in experimental animal models of kidney injury. Allium cepa is rich in quercetin, flavonoids, and sulfur-containing compounds with well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, whereas Clerodendrum serratum contains phenolics, diterpenoids, and sterols known for anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, and tissue-restorative actions. Experimental studies indicate that both extracts significantly mitigate nephrotoxicity by normalizing serum biochemical parameters such as creatinine, urea, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Additionally, both plants enhance endogenous antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, GSH) while reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA) in renal tissues. Histopathological analysis reveals that the extracts offer remarkable protection against tubular degeneration, glomerular damage, and inflammatory infiltration. Comparative findings suggest that while Allium cepa exhibits stronger antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential due to its high quercetin content, Clerodendrum serratum shows powerful anti-inflammatory and nephrorestorative effects linked to its phytoconstituents. Together, the results support the therapeutic potential of these plants individually and comparatively in preventing chemically induced renal injury.

Keywords: Allium cepa; Clerodendrum serratum; Renoprotective activity; Nephrotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Antioxidant enzymes.