Microwave-Assisted Reactions: A Sustainable Tool for Modern Synthetic Chemistry

Abstract

Microwave-assisted reactions have emerged as a transformative methodology in synthetic chemistry, offering rapid, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable alternatives to traditional heating techniques. By utilizing electromagnetic radiation in the microwave region, this technique provides instantaneous and uniform heating, leading to enhanced reaction rates, higher yields, and improved selectivity. This review presents an overview of the fundamental principles of microwave heating, types of reactors, mechanistic aspects, and recent advancements in organic, inorganic, and materials chemistry. Special focus is given to the role of microwave irradiation in promoting green chemistry practices and industrial-scale applications.

Keywords: Microwave synthesis, Green chemistry, Reaction kinetics, Energy efficiency, Sustainable synthesis